When you install Linux, you're installing a powerful server-capable operating system, but for security reasons most of the services are going to be switched OFF by default.
Services you can run include a web server (almost certain to be Apache httpd) and a file system server (probably Samba). You'll also be likely to enable FTP and some form or remote login.
How services are started / configured varies from one Linux distribution to another, but services are known as daemons (from Greek Mythology) and are started EITHER through scripts in the /etc/init.d directory on startup (if they're services that will be consistently and heavily used) OR through the xinetd daemon which monitors many possible connections and starts up services "as required".
The services are often run by the following daemons
httpd for the web server
smbd for file sharing (Samba)
in.telnetd for telnet
sshd for secure shell
in.rlogind for rsh
in.ftpd for ftp
If you want to use these services on a Windows system you can use processes such as:
Explorer to contact the web server
Any software that accesses a net drive (Samba)
telnet to contact telnet
PuTTY to contact sshd
(see http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/)
rcp and rsh to contact rlogind
ftp to contact ftpd
And there are lots of other windows clients available too.
If you're sharing network drives on your windows box with the network, you can access the drives from your Linux system using smbclient; if you're running a web server on your Windows boc (IIS, Apache httpd or another) then you can access that from the Linux system using a wide variety of browsers such as Mozilla and Konqueror
See also
Starting and stopping daemons on Linux
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